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Lesson 22

Knowledge and progress

(資料圖片)

知識(shí)和進(jìn)步

In what two areas have people made no "progress" at all?

Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world? Surely progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge. Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech. With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored. Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing. All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly raised. Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan. The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent. Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account. What is called "modern civilization" is not the result of a balanced development of all man"s nature. but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life. The problem now facing humanity is: What is going to be done with all this knowledge? As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil. It is now being used indifferently for both. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues.

G.N.M.TYRRELL The Personality of Man

New words and expressions 生詞和短語

loom

v. 赫然聳起

manifest

adj.明顯的

morality

n. 道德

communicate

v. 交流，交際

compound

adj. 復(fù)合的

enhance

v. 增進(jìn)

tempo

n. 速率

trickle

n. 涓涓細(xì)流

torrent

n. 滔滔洪流

humanity

n. 人類

indifferently

adv. 不在乎地

grimly

adv. 可怖地

whimsical

adj. 怪誕的

shatter

v. 毀壞

twofold

adj. 雙重的

參考譯文

為什么進(jìn)步這個(gè)概念在現(xiàn)代世界顯得如此突出?無疑是因?yàn)橛幸环N特殊的進(jìn)步實(shí)際上正在我們周圍發(fā)生，而且變得越來越明顯。雖然人類有智力和道德上沒有得到普遍提高，但在知識(shí)積累方面卻取得了巨大的進(jìn)步。人一旦能用語言同別人交流思想，知識(shí)的積累便開始了。隨著書寫的發(fā)明，又邁進(jìn)了一大步，因?yàn)檫@樣一來，知識(shí)不僅能交流，而且能儲(chǔ)存了。藏書使教育成為可能，而教育反過來又豐富了藏書，因?yàn)橹R(shí)的增長遵循著一種“滾雪球”的規(guī)律。印刷術(shù)的發(fā)明又大大提高了知識(shí)增長的速度。所有這些發(fā)展都比較緩慢，而隨著科學(xué)的到來，增長的速度才突然加快。于是，知識(shí)便開始有系統(tǒng)有計(jì)劃地積累起來。涓涓細(xì)流匯成小溪，小溪現(xiàn)已變成了奔騰的江河。而且，新知識(shí)一旦獲得，便得到實(shí)際應(yīng)用。所謂“現(xiàn)代文明”并不是人的天性平衡發(fā)展的結(jié)果，而是積累起來的知識(shí)應(yīng)用到實(shí)際生活中的結(jié)果?，F(xiàn)在人類面臨的問題是：用這些知識(shí)去做什么?正像人們常常指出的，知識(shí)是一把雙刃刀，可以用于造福，也可以用來為害。人們現(xiàn)在正漫不經(jīng)心地把知識(shí)用于這兩個(gè)方面，例如：炮兵利用科學(xué)毀壞人的身體、而外科醫(yī)生就在附近用科學(xué)搶救被炮兵毀壞的人體，還有什么情景比這更可怕、更怪誕的嗎?我們不得不嚴(yán)肅地問問我們自己：隨著日益增長的知識(shí)的力量，如果我們繼續(xù)利用知識(shí)的這種雙重性，將會(huì)發(fā)生什么樣的情況呢?

Lesson 23

Bird flight

鳥的飛行方法

What are the two main types of bird flight described by the author?

No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen. Any shi that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross, Which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing. The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course, are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress. The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition. In the contrary school, the duck is supreme. It comes nearer to the engines with which man has "conquered" the air, as he boasts. Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with such-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows. Their humbler followers, such as partridges, have a like power of strong propulsion, but soon tire. You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey. The swallow shares the virtues of both schools in highest measure. It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air, travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies, and slipping through we no longer take omens from their flight on this side and that; and even the most superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to the magpie and wish it good-morning.

WILLIAM BEACH THOMAS A Countryman"s Creed

New words and expressions 生詞和短語

albatross

n. 信天翁

sustenance

n. 支撐力

glider

n. 滑翔者

harness

v. 利用

endow

v. 賦有

ply

v. 不斷地供給

gale

n. 大風(fēng)

partridge

n. 鷓鴣

like

adj. 類似的

propulsion

n. 推進(jìn)力

utter

adj. 完全的

slip

v. 滑行

adverse

adj. 逆的，相反的

omen

n. 預(yù)兆

參考譯文

沒有任何兩種鳥的飛行方式是相同的。鳥的飛行方式千差萬別，但大體上可分為兩類。任何一艘橫度太平洋的輪船都會(huì)有一種小信天翁伴隨飛行許多天。它們隨船飛行一小時(shí)也難得見其扇動(dòng)一下翅膀。沿船體的上升的氣流和沿航線向前的氣流給這種巨翼大鳥以足夠的浮力和推力。信天翁是滑翔飛行的鳥類，它能自如地駕馭空氣，但必須順氣流飛行。與滑翔鳥相對(duì)的另一類鳥中，數(shù)野鴨本領(lǐng)。它更近乎于人類自夸的“征服”了空氣的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。野鴨及它們相似的鴿子有天賦的鋼鐵般的肌肉，占了體重的很大一部分。這些肌肉以巨大的力量扇動(dòng)短小的翅膀，使這類鳥能頂著大風(fēng)飛行很遠(yuǎn)的路才會(huì)疲勞。次于野鴨和鴿子的鳥，如鷓鴣，有相似的巨大推動(dòng)力，但很快會(huì)疲勞。如果海風(fēng)驅(qū)使它們飛行很長距離，你可以撿到一些因筋疲力盡而摔下來的鷓鴣。燕子充分兼有這兩類鳥的長處，它既不疲勞，也不炫耀自己的飛翔力;在空中十分自如，可以飛行6，000英里，可以飛往北方做窩的老家，再從老家飛回;一邊飛一邊喂養(yǎng)會(huì)飛的雛燕，甚至在頂風(fēng)時(shí)也能在氣流中滑翔，似乎氣流在幫它前進(jìn)。這些鳥對(duì)我們是有益的，雖然我們不再從它們的飛翔姿態(tài)來占卜吉兇，連最迷信的村民也不再對(duì)喜鵲脫帽行禮，祝它早安了。

新概念英語4 lesson 24

Beatuy

美

first listen and then answer the following question.

聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。

what do glimpses of beauty, either in nature or art, often suggest to the human mind?

a young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion that it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to world that lies beyond. it is difficult for any of us in moments of intense aesthetic experience to resist the suggestion that we are catching a glimpse of a light that shines down to us from a different realm of existence, different and, because the experience is intensely moving, in some way higher. and, though the gleams blind and dazzle, yet do they convey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined. greater too than we can describe; for language, which was invented to convey the meanings of this world, cannot readily be fitted to the uses of another.

that all great has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable. in some moods, nature shares it. there is no sky in june so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer, no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing leaves and indefinable longing and regret. but, if this world is not merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars, and existence an empty laugh braying across the mysteries; if these intimations of a something behind and beyond are not evil humour born of indigestion, or whimsies sent by the devil to mock and madden us. if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning. if we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp. beauty in terms of our human meanings is meaningless.

c.e.m.joad pieces of mind

new words and expressions 生詞和短語

intense

adj. 強(qiáng)烈的

aesthetic

adj. 審美的

realm

n. 世界

serenity

n. 靜謐

undeniable

adj. 不可否認(rèn)的

indefinable

adj. 模糊不清的

vulgar

adj. 平庸的

radiance

n. 發(fā)光

intimation

n. 暗示

unutterable

adj. 不可言傳的

invest

v. 賦予

參考譯文

一個(gè)年輕人看到日落，由于無法理解和表達(dá)日落在他心中喚起的激情，便得出結(jié)論：日落處想必是通往遙遠(yuǎn)世界的大門。無論是誰，在強(qiáng)烈感受到美的時(shí)刻，心中都不禁油生一種遐想：我們似乎瞥見從另一個(gè)世界射向我們的一線光芒，那個(gè)世界不僅不同于我們這個(gè)世界，而且由于美感的強(qiáng)烈感染，在某些方面比我們這個(gè)世界更美好。雖然這光芒令人眼花繚亂，但它確實(shí)給予我們一種不曾經(jīng)歷和無法想象的美感和靜謐的啟示。這種美感和靜謐是我們無法描述的，因?yàn)槲覀儼l(fā)明的語言是用來描述這個(gè)世界的含義，不能隨便拿來去描述另一個(gè)世界。

不可否認(rèn)，一切偉大的藝術(shù)都具有使人遐想到進(jìn)入天外世界的魅力。在某種狀態(tài)下，大自然也有這種魅力。六月蔚藍(lán)的天空總使人遙想一個(gè)更加蔚藍(lán)的蒼穹;美麗的落日總會(huì)引起一個(gè)更加絢麗的景象未及飽覽便一閃即逝，并在消逝中給人留下不可名狀的渴望和惆悵。如果這個(gè)世界不只是一個(gè)拙劣的惡作劇，如果人生不只是群星寒光中平凡的一閃，如果存在不只是對(duì)神秘事物的一種空虛的笑聲，如果某種玄妙事物的暗示不是消化不良引起的邪惡情緒，也不是魔鬼為了捉弄我們，使我們發(fā)狂而送給我們的邪念，一句話，如果美有某種意義的話，我閃千萬不要去闡明它的意義。如果我瞥見了只可意會(huì)不可言傳的事物，企圖把它說出來，那上不明智的;對(duì)于我們不理解的事物，我們也不應(yīng)該去賦予它某種意義。用對(duì)我們?nèi)祟愑幸饬x的詞解釋美是沒有意義的。

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